General And Professional Biology With Special Reference to Man
General And Professional Biology With Special Reference to Man
Edward John Von Komorowski Menge
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Ex- piration is caused in part by the action of the intercostal and abdominal muscles, in part by the elastic tissue and smooth muscles in the lungs themselves. J ' ACCESSORY RESPIRATORY APPARATUS It will be recalled that the entire respiratory tract grows from the primitive digestive tract. It is, therefore, not difficult to understand that there are certain fishes which use a more caudal portion of the diges- tive tract for respiration. In Cobitis, water is drawn in and expelled through the a...nal opening, the more caudal end of the digestive canal l>eing very vascular and used in respiration. Among the amniotes the lungs are not functional either before hatching or before birth. Still, oxygen is necessary for the development of the embryo and the carbon dioxide which has formed must have an RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 771 outlet. The organ used for this combined respiratory and excretory function is called the allantois (Fig. 363). This is the ventral diverticu- lum from the more caudal part of the digestive canal, which has already been studied in Embryology.
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