Picture Logic An Attempt to Popularise the Science of Reasoning By the Combinat
Picture Logic An Attempt to Popularise the Science of Reasoning By the Combinat
Alfred James Swinburne
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' 2. It conveys no notion of existence. The an- cients said, " The unicorn is a non-existent animal. " Ergo, " The unicorn exists a non-existent animal. " Ergo, " The unicorn exists and does not exist, " which is absurd. The confusion arose from the idea that " is " always means " exists, " and is one of the mis- "irr *x. 72 PICTURE LOGIC. talres we hinted at as due to the influence of language. The copula only means " is equivalent to, " or " not equivalent to. " ^ ' (3. ) It conveys no notion... of probability, &c. 1 The question of the modality of the copula is the question whether we are allowed to assert or deny the predicate of the subject in a certain manner {cum modo), i, e, conditionally, or with some qualifying word joined to the copula, or whether we are only allowed to assert or deny the predicate of the subject \^ simply. The proposition, " Oysters are plentiful " is called a pure proposition ; " Oysters are possibly (or probably, or certainly) plentiful " is a modal proposi- tion.
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