The Airplane a Practical Discussion of the Principles of Airplane Flight

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Fig. 87 shows the distribution of pressure on the two planes of a biplane. It will be noted that the negative pressure on the top surface of the lower plane is much less than the corresponding nega- tive pressure on the top surface of the upper plane. This of course means a decrease in lift. This decrease may be made less (i) by increasing the gap between the planes; (2) by giving the planes a stagger so that the upper plane is in advance of the lower, as in Fig. 88; and (3) by increasing the a
...spect ratio and thus decreasing the chord.
Fig. 87. Distribution of pressure on a biplane. Negative pressure on upper surface of lower wing is much reduced by interference with the upper wing.
0. 4 0. 8 I. O 1. 2 1. 6 0. 61 0. 76 0. 81 0. 86 0. 89 0-75 0. 79 0. 81 0. 84 0. 88 SINGLE AND MULTIPLE PLANES 181 Biplane correction.
On account of the interference between the planes of a biplane, both lift and L fD ratio are reduced. This reduction becomes less as the gap is increased, as shown by the following table from National Physical Laboratory data for dn inci- dence of 6; little is gained, however, by making the gap greater than the chord.


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