The Effectiveness of Accounting Based Dividend Covenants
The Effectiveness of Accounting Based Dividend Covenants
Paul M Healy
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The mean earnings coefficient is 0. 017, significant at the 1% level. An F-test indicates that the earnings coefficients differ across firms, inconsistent with the assumption in equation (2). However, relaxing this assumption does not change the magnitude or the significance of the dividend constraint coefficient. 23 We also estimate several other models. First, we estimate models with lagged earnings changes for one, two and three prior years but do not present the results here for brevity sin...ce they do not change the conclusions presented in the text. Second, we estimate equation (2) allowing the intercept to vary across firms. An F-test indicates that intercept terms do not vary across firms. 24 Specification tests are conducted to assess whether the residuals are homoskedastic (see White (1980)), and normally distributed. We cannot reject the hypotheses that the residuals are homoskedastic and normally distributed at the 0. 05 level. Belsley, Kuh and Welsch (1980) diagnostics for the effect of extreme observations on the coefficients, and for multicollinearity indicate that the reported estimates are not influenced by extreme observations, and that the independent variables are not collinear.
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