The Extended Phenotype: the Long Reach of the Gene (Popular Science)
The book The Extended Phenotype: the Long Reach of the Gene (Popular Science) was written by author Richard Hawkins Here you can read free online of The Extended Phenotype: the Long Reach of the Gene (Popular Science) book, rate and share your impressions in comments. If you don't know what to write, just answer the question: Why is The Extended Phenotype: the Long Reach of the Gene (Popular Science) a good or bad book?
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This is a chapter about practical research methodology. There will be those who accept the thesis of this book at a theoretical level but who will object that, in practice, field workers find it useful to focus their attention on individual advantage. In a theoretical sense, they will say, it is right to see the natural world as a battleground of replicators, but in real research we are obliged to measure and compare the Darwinian fitness of individual organisms. I want to discuss a particular p...iece of research in detail to show that this is not necessarily the case. Instead of comparing the success of individual organisms, it is often in practice more useful to compare the success of ‘strategies’ (Maynard Smith 1974) or ‘programs’ or ‘subroutines’, averaged across the individuals that use them. Of the many pieces of research that I could have discussed, for instance the work on ‘optimal foraging’ (Pyke, Pulliam & Charnov 1977; Krebs 1978), Parker’s (1978a) dungflies, or any of the examples reviewed by Davies (1982), I choose Brockmann’s study of digger wasps purely because I am very familiar with it (Brockmann, Grafen & Dawkins 1979; Brockmann & Dawkins 1979; Dawkins & Brockmann 1980).
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