The Food of Some British Wild Birds a Study in Economic Ornithology

Walter Edward Collinge

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; Hylastes ater, Pk. , the Black Pine Beetle; Myelo- philus piniperada, Linn. , the Pine Bark Beetle, also the larvae of various other beetles, moths, sawflies, etc.
Fisher (45, p. 143) writes: " Opinions regarding the utility or otherwise of woodpeckers from a forestry point of view have varied from time to time. Towards the end of the eighteenth century they were considered! hurtful by pecking holes into trees which were sometimes sound ones.
" In Beckman's " Handbuch der Jagdwissenschaft, " ...published at Nuremberg in 1802, this opinion was adopted, and in consequence a reward of 2d. Per head was offered in Germany for their destruc- tion. Bechstein was the first, in 1802, to consider them useful, and Walther in 1803 ; also Gloger about 1860. Foresters then went to the other extreme, considering woodpeckers as extremely active in destroying insects, and ignoring their propensity for making holes in trees. Altum in his " Forst-zoologie " reverted to the former opinion, stating that woodpeckers were practically useless against dangerous bark-beetles-, but attacked the larger and less important longicorn-beetles, and that they themselves did considerable damage to trees.

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