Types of American Labor Unions: the 'longshoremen of the Great Lakes
The book Types of American Labor Unions: the 'longshoremen of the Great Lakes was written by author John Rogers Commons Here you can read free online of Types of American Labor Unions: the 'longshoremen of the Great Lakes book, rate and share your impressions in comments. If you don't know what to write, just answer the question: Why is Types of American Labor Unions: the 'longshoremen of the Great Lakes a good or bad book?
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The foreman has dis- appeared, and in his place is the co-operative gang boss, sharing equally with his fellows. This change alone, apart from the increase in tonnage rates, has added materially to the earnings of the shovellers. As already stated, the co-operative plan is impracticable where the men are paid by the hour, and the progress of improvement in hoisting machinery has substituted hourly wages for tonnage rates. Within the past five years automatic "grab buckets," or "clam shells," ha...ve been introduced, and are operated by the hoisting engineer. 66 QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS The shoveller is not needed except to clean out the cor- ners after the boat is practically unloaded. The ore is even pulled from the sides up to the hatches, where the buckets can reach it, by means of road shovels or great iron hoes operated by men in the hold with cables from a steam or electric winch. The men working in the holds with this automatic machinery get 28 cents an hour, but it is stipulated that they shall be paid during the time the machinery is working in the boat.
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